Overdiagnosis occurs when a disease is diagnosed correctly, but the diagnosis is irrelevant. It is a side effect of testing for early forms of disease which may turn people into patients unnecessarily and may lead to treatments that do no good and perhaps do harm. Overdiagnosis is the diagnosis of a "disease" that will never cause symptoms or death during a patient's lifetime. In clinical medicine since some years overdiagnosis is giving rise to growing attention and concern. īerral, Alessandro Pira, Enrico Romano, Canzio Occupational medicine should be supervised again by the health authorities instead of economists who have quite different, short-term priorities. There is no reason to make rough changes establishing a new market for profit oriented insurance companies, and to allow employees and employers to work without specification neglecting international agreements. The recent system could be improved by some regulations which should be respected. Undercutting prices is a common practice. The market of occupational medicine is less regulated, and ethical rules are not always considered. Many of them offer primary care services, whereas family physicians having a board examination in occupational medicine are allowed to work in this field as well. They have been forced to establish contract with occupational health providers. In the past 20 years, large "socialist" factories were replaced by smaller companies employing fewer workers. The history and the recent state of occupational medicine in Hungary, and its relation with governmental labor organizations are analyzed. Workplaces other than health care settings will be impacted greatly by an H5N1 pandemic and the occupational physician will play an essential role in corporate preparation, response, and business continuity strategies. This review summarizes some of the basic science surrounding H5N1 influenza and raises some key concerns in pandemic planning for the occupational medicine professional. Much has been published on the molecular biology of H5N1 but there remains a paucity of literature on the occupational medicine impacts to organizations. Planning activity for the potential arrival of pandemic avian influenza is growing rapidly. The literature on H5N1 biology is reviewed including the treatment and infection control mechanisms as they pertain to occupational medicine. This article reviews the biological and occupational medicine literature related to H5N1 pandemic influenza and its impact on infection control, cost and business continuity in settings outside the health care community. They support the notion of different mechanisms integrating or segregating current from similar past memory contents depending on their task relevance.Pandemic influenza: implications for occupational medicine
STEFAN KAISER OCCUPATIONAL MED SERIAL
Our findings provide evidence for two types of serial dependence operating across and within trials. A second experiment in which 25% of trials did not require a response demonstrated that across-trial attraction did not depend on whether the previous S2 actually had to be reported.
STEFAN KAISER OCCUPATIONAL MED TRIAL
In addition, repulsion within a trial occurred for a broader range of motion direction differences between stimuli than attraction across trials. In contrast, within the same trial S2 was repulsed from S1. We found serial dependence across trials: The current S1 was attracted towards the preceding S2 when the latter had been cued for report. In each trial, participants memorized two consecutive motion direction stimuli (S1 and S2) and after a short delay were cued to report one of them. We directly contrasted estimates of bias for pairs of immediately successive stimuli across and within trials. However, it is unclear whether the same or different mechanisms underlie this serial dependence across and within trials. Stimulus representations in working memory depend on memory traces of past stimuli both from previous trials and from the current trial.
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